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2009網(wǎng)絡(luò )營(yíng)銷(xiāo)十大經(jīng)典案例(國外英語(yǔ)資料)The 網(wǎng)絡(luò )外英second(//ω//) chapt??er animal nutrition requirements and feeding standardsTeacヽ(′ー｀)ノhing req??uirements1。 famili??ar with the basic concepts of nutrition requi??rements and 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)語(yǔ)資feeding standards;2。 to understand the determination of nutritional requirements and 大經(jīng)典案indicators of feeding standards;3。 be 例國料familiar with the concepts of maintenance and maintenance, understand the significance of maintaining needs and the maintenance requirements of main nu??trients;4。 grasp the basis of the nutrition requirements of animals at different physiologicaヽ(′ー｀)ノl stages,網(wǎng)絡(luò )外英ヽ(′ー｀)ノ and understand the relationship between the nutrition level and the production performance of livestock and poultry。
Section 1 basic concepts of nutrition requirements and 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)語(yǔ)資feeding standardsNutritional(′_｀) requirements: nutritional requirements are the amount of nutrients needed per head (animal) per day for energy, protein, minerals and vitamins。 Animals must constantly ingest nutrients from the outside du??ring their survival and 大經(jīng)典案production。 Different animals,例國料 different physiol??ogical conditions, diff??erent production levels and different environmental conditions have different nutrient re(/ω＼)quirements, so it is necessary to specify the nutritional requirements of specific animals in order to guide the production。
Two,網(wǎng)絡(luò )外英 feeding standard: according to a large number of test results and the actual production of animal breeding summary of various nutri(???)ents to the specific animal quota provisions, the provisions of this quota nutrition system called feeding standard。 In brief,營(yíng)銷(xiāo)語(yǔ)資 feeding?? standards are descriptions or descriptions of the amou???nt of nutrients required='required' by an ani??mal。Types of feeding standards can 大經(jīng)典案be roughly?? divided into two categories, one is the national regulations and promulgated the breeding?? standard and called the national standard; the other is a large breeding company according to the characteristics of fine varieties or lines of their breed, developed with the feeding standard varieties or lines of nu??tritional needs, called for standard。
Feeding standards should be 例國料used flexibly in accordan??ce with specific circumstances。Second methods of animal feed and 網(wǎng)絡(luò )外英nutrient utilization and nutritional requirementsI。 Research Methods of animal utilization of feed nutrients(a) chemical analysisChemical analysis method in animal nutrit??ion ref??ers to the chemic??a(′?_?`)l composition of the feed,營(yíng)銷(xiāo)語(yǔ)資 animal and?? animal excrement in (nutrients, metabolites, toxic and harmful substances) for quantitative analysis, the evaluation is also must study and feed in, the most basic means of animal nutrition。
The 大經(jīng)典案nutri(′ω｀)ent analysis included: water(′▽?zhuān)?), crude pr(??-)?otein, crude fat, crude ash, fiber and nitr??ogen free? extract。 This method of analysis has five problems。 Pure nutrition analysis will be the development directi??on of feed nutrient analysis。 The analysis of chemical components in animal tissues, blood and excreta will help determine the nutritional requirement(╯°□°)╯s of?? animals and?? the digestion and metabolism rate of feed。(two) digestion test;Digestion tests include in vivo digestion test, nylon bag method and in vitro digestion test, in which digestion test is the most import??ant。
(three) metabolic testMetabolic tests inc( ?° ?? ?°)luded slaughter trials, mass balance tests, and energy balance tests。 The material balance test is mainly through the deposition of animal in vivo determination of carbon and nitrogen, crude protein, crude fat reflect in fee(╬?益?)d utilization??, especial┐(′д｀)┌l(fā)y nitrogen balance test in the evaluation of feed protein biological value, protein utilization index is widely used。?? It is also a necessary research tool for protein requirements in animal bodies。 The energy balan??ce te???st methods of ruminant are direct calorimetry, indirect calorimetry, carbon and nitrogen balance method。
(four) feeding test;Seven methods of feedi(′?_?`)ng test usually adopts control test, ma(′?｀*)tching test, randomized block test, factorial exper(/ω＼)iment, staging test, cross test and Latin square test in the design process, the control should follow the principle of randomization test and the only difference principle; in animal feeding pr??ocess faces group and single feeding choice。 How to choose the advantages(′?_?`) and disadvantages should be based on the purpose of the experiment and the diff(°ロ°) !erent feeヽ(′▽?zhuān)?ノding mode。 The adv??antage of group feeding is that animal(′_ゝ`)s feed on food, so they ha(′-ι_-｀)ve more feed intake and faster growth rate。
The feedi(′?｀)ng conditions similar to those in produc??tio??n practice can save equipment and reduce the workload of feeding and data collection。 But its shortcomings(′?｀*) are also prominent, that is, the feed consumption of individual animals can not be counted out??, the average can only be counted for statistical analysis。 In addition, due to the poor health of the tested animals and the time of death during the experiment, the?? feed consumption can not be measured accurat??ely, and the avera(╯‵□′)╯ge estimate can only be done, thus affecting the accuracy of the test。
Furthermore, the test requirements of restricted feeding, feeding group may lea??d to small animal snatch caused by lack of group differences in body weight increase animal, and within group error increases。 In order to reduce the experimen(°□°)tal error, multiple="multiple" repetitions can be used in group feedin??g to make up for the shortcomings。 Feeding experiments on small animals (such as chickens, pigs, etc。) were carried out by group feedi??ng。 Animal experiment and dige???stive metabolism test, single feeding group can make up for the shortcomings, statistics of individual feed intake and growth rate and other indica( ?ヮ?)tors, but the single feed increased equipment and manpower input, test workload, and animal feed single may reduce the int┐(′?｀)┌ake from and slowed the growth rate, and the actual in the(°ロ°) ! condition of production wil??l have┐(′ー｀)┌ a certain gap。
The methods of measur(′▽?zhuān)?ement include synthesis method and facto???rial method。 The synthesis method is one?? of the most widely used methods for determinin??g the nutritional requirements of animals。Third, the ind??ex of feeding standardsFirst, intake of( ???) dry matter or dry matter intake expressed。 According to the principle of animal nutrition and a large number of test results, the feed intake stipulated in the feeding standard lays down scientifically the intake of animals at different stages of growth an??d development。
Two, ener(′▽?zhuān)?)gy due to the presence of digestive utilization of feed problems, so there is energy of digestion (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), net energy (NE) said。 General poultry for energy needs by ME, and the energy requirement of pig, some count??ries with DE said, some countries represented by ME, such as the United States, Canada, China, represented by DE, and the European ME, also DE。 The need for energy in ruminants is expressed in NE。Three(′?｀), pig and chicken protein generally with the crude protein (CP) expressed the need for protein。
Cows generally use digestible crude protein (DCP) to indicate the need for protein。Four, amino acid standards listed in the list of essential amino acids (EAA) the amo??unt of demand, its?? expression is usef(⊙_⊙)ul, every day (per head) need to indicate how?? many, useful units, nutrients, such as the concentration??。For single stomach animals, protein nutrition is actually amino acid nu??trition, and the use of available amino acids to represent animal protein requirements?? will be the direction of development in the future。
Five, vitamin general fat soluble vitam??ins need to be expressed in international units IU, and the amount of water-soluble vitamins should be expressed by mg/kg or g/kg。??Six。 Minera(°ロ°) !l constants, minerals, mainly listed calcium, phosph??oru??s, zinc, sodium, chlo┐(′ー｀)┌rine requiremヾ(′?｀)?ents, expressed in perc??entage; trace elements listed iron, zinc, coppe??r, manganese, iodine, selenium requirements。 Ruminants also list the amount of cobalt needed, and trace elements are usually expressed in mg/kg。The fourth section maintains the nutri??tionヾ(′ω｀)?al needsI。
The concept and significance of maintenance:”Maintenance” means that the weight of healthy animals does not in(′?_?`)crease or decrease with??out production。 All kinds of nutrients in the body are in the balance of payments, and the process of cataboli??sm and anabolism is in a state of zero balance。 Sustaining need is the amount of energy, protein, minerals, vitamins and other nutrients that an animal need(′?_?`)s to maintain in the maintenance state。 In animal production, needヽ(′?｀)ノ to mainta(′?ω?`)in production needs are invalid, and is an essential part of?? the animal needs, only after meet the need to maintain, excess nutrients was used in the production, and the different needs of different animal maintenance, due to the various nutrient requirement??s of di??fferent animal studies need to maintain and influence the factors of ma?intenance, as far as possible to reduce the impa┐(′д｀)┌ct of the need to maintain the animal food nutrients for maximum production, to decrease the cost of production, it is important to improve economic benefit??。
Two, maintain the nutritional needs1,the maintenance of energy needsSustained energy is required for basal metabヽ(′▽?zhuān)?ノolism網(wǎng)絡(luò )營(yíng)銷(xiāo)經(jīng)典案例, freヾ(′▽?zhuān)??e exercise, and energy expenditure for thermoregulati(╯°□°）╯︵ ┻━┻on。 For animals, because the underlying metabolism is not easy to measure, fasting metabo??lism is usually used as a major part of maintaining energy, coupled with free movement and maintenance of body temperature energy expenditure, both for the maintenance of animal energy。 Fasting metabolic heat was bw0。75, B per kg metabolic body weight Fasting Metabolism heat production, so as long as yo( ?ヮ?)u know the weight of the?? animal, we can calculate the fasting metabolic heat generatヾ(′▽?zhuān)??ion animal, such as fasting metab(?Д?)olism he(???)at production of 600 kg of dairy cows: 320 x 600 x 0。??
75=32??0 121。23=387936 (KJ)。 The movement of chicken and pigs and the maiヽ(′?｀)ノn??tenance of body temperature required='required' 50% ofヽ(′▽?zhuān)?ノ the energy required='required' for basal metabolism, and 20-30% for cattle and sheep。2。 Maintain protein requirements:Endogenouヽ(′▽?zhuān)?ノs urinary nitヽ(′▽?zhuān)?ノrogen is defined as the mi??nimum level of body protein catabolism required='required' by animals during maintenance an???d excretion of ni??trogen through urine。 Calculation of endogenous urinary nitrogen(′ω｀): endogenous urinary ammonia excretion is related to metabolic weight, that is, daily metabolism weight per kilogram, excreted endogenous urinary nitrogen 15??0mg。
Metabolism of fecal nitrogen is the excretion of nitrogen from feces when animals are fed ammonia free diet。 The calculation of the metabolic fecal nitrogen meta??bolic fecal nitrogen have a certain relationship with the endogenous urinary nitrogen metab??olism, pig and chicken fecal nitrogen is endogenous urinary nitrogen 40%, Ma rabbit was 60%, 80(′?_?`)% for ruminant animal。In the maintenance state, the ingested pro??teins are mainly used to supplement endogenous urine nitrogen, metabolize fecal nitrogen and body su(′▽?zhuān)?rface nitrogen loss。
In the maintenance conヽ(′▽?zhuān)?ノdition, because the animal is used to update the hair, hoof and feather, need skin when the protein is very fe??w, so the surface nitrogen losses are generally ignore(???)d, so the need to maintain animal protein available?? endogenous urinary nitrogen and fecal nitrogen metabolism estimates, as long as th??e calculated endogenous urinary nitrogen and fecal nitrogen metabolism, can be calculated protein( ?ヮ?) requirement for maintenance。(endogenous urinary( ?° ?? ?°) nit??rogen + metabolism, fecal nitrogen??) *6。
25/ protein digesti(′?_?`)bility / protein biological potency = maintenance of crude protein requirementsIn the absence of minerals, animals can use minerals repeatedl(????)y。 Because of the( ?ヮ?) high degree of re(′ω｀*)cycling, the mineral losses in vivo are relatively small。The metabolism of vitamin and other nutrients metabolism, no endogenous losses, at the same time as the vitamin synthesis and decomposition of the needs of affected by dietary factors, so vi???tamin needs generally do not need to maintain the estimate。
Fifth production needsFirst, the nutritional requirements of animal growth1。 Concept: growth is the proliferation and enlargement of organism cells, the development and? function of tiヽ(′ー｀)ノssues and organs are becoming more and more perfect。 This is the result of the accumuヽ(′ー｀)ノlation of protein, fat,mineral and water。 From th??e point of view of production網(wǎng)絡(luò )營(yíng)銷(xiāo)經(jīng)典案例, it is the preparation stage of product production, and the nutrition of growth stage has great influence on animal production。2, the influencing factorヽ(′▽?zhuān)?ノs: the factors aff??ecting animal growth are ani(′；ω；`)mal species, nutrition, birth weight, environm(′?ω?`)ent and so on。
(1) in animals with different breeds, the body protein and body fat deposits are differentヾ(＾-＾)ノ, and lean meat pigs lean more than body fat during(???) the whole growth process。 In general, the growth rate is greater than the parent sire of avian livestock, livestock and pou(′?｀)ltry carcass is mother thin。(2) the level of nutrition nutrition affects the growth rate of the animal weigh??t and content, generally high nutrition, animal growth, fattening period is short, fat and protein deposition increased, but thヽ(′ー｀)ノe increase of protein deposition than fat。
Dietary protein, amino acids and energy proportion on growth will be affected, the? ear(′；ω；`)ly gr(′?ω?`)owth stage, if the lack of protein and amino acids, influence on the growth rate of the larger, the smaller the effec(′▽?zhuān)?)t of animal caused more serious, especially in lean pigs。(3) the environmental temperature has the greatest impact on animal growth, too high and too low affect the deposition of protei??n?? and fat,( ?ヮ?) which results in the dec??line of animal growth rate。3。 nutrient requirements for growthThe energy required for growth(′ω｀*) includes maintenance, needs and growth needs。
Such as: Ei=aw0。75+C P+d FType Ei: energy requirement, a: each 1kg metabolic weight maintenance energy(′?｀) re(′?ω?`)quirements??, W0。75: weight (kg), C metabolism: energy, for each protein deposition of 1G Delta P: Daily deposition (g), D protein quality: each fat deposition of 1G energy requi(°□°)red, Delta F: Daily deposition the amount of fat (g)。4。 protein needed for growthThe growth of protein requirements refers to diets that feed diffeヽ(′▽?zhuān)?/rent levels of protein to ma??ximize protein gain and maximum feed utilizatヾ(′?｀)?ion。
It ca(′?ω?`)nヾ(?■_■)ノ also be calculated by formula。CPm + CPnCP (g/) =—(°□°);—————Rヽ(′▽?zhuān)?ノ12;—NPUIn the formula, CP is the total crude protei??n requirement; CPm and CPn are the cr??u?de proteins required for maintenance and growth (deposition); NPU is the net protein utilization rate, which is equal to the biological value multiplied by the digestibility。 The key part of this formula is the crude protein required for growth。5。 the growth of minerals: the need for animal growth on mineral is mainly(′?ω?`) considering the needs of calcium and phosphorus, in order to ensure the normal growth of animal bones, different animal can adoptヽ(′▽?zhuān)?ノ different methods for determination of calcium and phosphorus requirements。
Two, the nut??ritiona??l requirements of animal meat1。 The characteri(//ω//)stics of nutrition requirements of meat produヽ(′▽?zhuān)?ノcing animals: the early protein requヾ(?■_■)ノirement of the me??at animals is(′▽?zhuān)?) greater than the latt??er, and the energy needs later than the propha(′?｀*)se。 At the same(′?_?`) time, we should pay attention to different animal feed nutrients ut??ilizat(′ω｀)ion rate is differen( ?ω?)t2。 Nutritional requirements: methods for estimating the nutritional requirements of meat animals。 Chicken on energy and protein requirement(??-)? is relativ??ely high, usually in broiler diets to add oil to me??et the energy needs of broiler(′?ω?`)s??; pigs need hig??h enerヾ(′▽?zhuān)??gy, the protein needs less than chicken。
Three。 Nutrition requirement of poultry laying1 eggs, the nutritional composition mainly consists of three parts: egg shell, egg white, egg yolk composition, because poultry species, varieties, age, season and egg breeding status is different, the three parts of different proportion in the whole egg, the egg is the main component of calcium carbonate, accounting for about 93% of the egg shell for the rest, magnesium carbonate, calcium phos(°o°)phate, protein, sugar etc。。 The mai??n component(??-)?s of egg white are water(′_｀) and protein, the ratio of prote??in to water is 1:8, and egg white protein is mainly glycoprotein。
The main component(╯‵□′)╯s of egg yolk are proteins, lip??ids。2。 Nutritional requirements: the energy requirement of laying hens can be divided into maintenance requirement, weight gain requirement and egg?? production requirement。Maintenance needs to be related to weight, environment, tempera??ture, and activity。 In general, the dietary 9。2-14。2KJ/kg can range, laying hen(′?ω?`)s, ducks energy consヽ(′?｀)ノumption is relatively constant, will not affect the egg production。 The metabolism of laying hens can usually in concentration between 10 and 12KJ/kg; protein and amino acid in egg laying poultry needs can be divided into maintenance, weight gain, feather growth and renewal, laying, laying hens methionine is usually the first limiting amino acid, due to the influence?? of environmental temperature on feed intake, and dietary protein levels in the summer and winter incr??eased, decreased; in minerals, requirement of egg laying poultry on calcium and phosphorus, sodium, especially calcium, calcium needs (g) / only。
Day = need to maintain (g/。 D) + (hens need g/ only。 The utilization rate of cal(°ロ°) !cium / day) * laying rate; vitamin requirements for variety, age, laying rate, environmental conditions change。Four, the nutritional needs of lact(′?ω?`)ation1, milk composition and feed: lactose from glucose (pig) and propionic acid (cattle and sheep) synthesi(/ω＼)s, milk fat is composed of glucose and acetic acid, and acetic acid and is composed of? – hydroxybutyrate synthesis, synthesis of raw milk protein into amino acids, glucose, volatile fatty acid。
Vitamins, minerals, whey, albumin, and immunoglobulins are spread directly from the blood to the milk。2 nutritional requヽ(′ー｀)ノirements: the energy and protein requirements of lactating anima?ls include maintenance needs, weight gain needsヽ(′▽?zhuān)?/, and lactation need??s。 The mineral requirements of lactating animals include the maintenance of the need and the need for milk production, while the vitamin requirements are mainly vitamin A, D, and E。Five, the nutritional needs of female reproductionTo gra??vid energy to maintain weight needs, needs and the needs of fetal growth and development, pregnant cows lactation shoulヽ(′▽?zhuān)?ノd also need nutrition plus lactation sows; the protein needs can be divided into maintenance and pregnan(⊙_⊙)cy need requ(°□°)irement of(╬ ò﹏ó) pregnant cows on protein can be divided into two parts and non rumen degradable pro(′?｀)tein protein degradation; gravid requirement of calcium and phosphorus with fetal growth and increase, trace minerals: manganese, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper and cobalt deficiency will affect the reproductive performance, so we shouldヾ(?■_■)ノ pay attention to add these minerals; vitamin A, D and E are very important for breeding。
Six, the nutritional require??ments of hair productionEnergy needs and wool wool production itsel( ?ヮ?)f contains energy, high dietary energy,(╯°□°)╯ high yield of wool, wool fib??er diameter is bi┐(′ー｀)┌gger; th???e protei??n is mainly in wool keratin, relatively high cy??stine content in wool keratin, so the animal in the cystine requirement is relatively large, including amino acids is the first limiting amino acid; mineral wool growth effect of iodine, cobalt, copper, zinc, sulfur, etc。;(???) sheep should pay attention to the supply of vitamin A, riboflavi??n, biotin??, niacin, pantothenic acid。
The nutritional index in energy feeding standard (metabolizable energy and digestible energy, net energy), protein (crude protein and digestible crude protein), protein energy ratio, crude fat, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus (P, P), a vari??ety of amino acids, trace min(′ω｀)erals and vitamins, the lack of the nutrition index and excess on animal performa(′▽?zhuān)?nc(′ω｀)e will produce adverse effects。1。 Feeding standards: accoヾ(′ω｀)?rding to the different physiological characteristics of different livestock and poult(O_O)ry nutrition characteris?tics, reasonably determine the needs of different nutrients。
Main attention:Energy levels are adjusted by changes in?? con(′?ω?`)ditions such as the environment。 The ene(′；д；`)r(′?ω?`)gy deman(′▽?zhuān)?d of poultry are inf??luenced by many factors, species, sex, Zhou Ling, nu??tritional status, dietary and environmental factors affecting the energy needs of poultry, chicken egg with basal metabolism than general weight high, the need for energy is highe??r than that of laying hens, therefore should generally be to meet its energy needs to add oil in the diet, otherwis(′▽?zhuān)?e it will affect the growth of broiler。
Influence factors on pig energy requirements are: dietary factors, environmental factors, activity leve??l,(?_?;) population size, the grain protein content of high protein or poor quality, demand of pig energy increases; the environment temperature is too high or too low will increase the demand for energy in pigs。Lack of energy supply in young cattle will lead to(′?｀*) stunted growth and delayed onset, while the insufficient energy supply of dairy cows will lead to a decrease in milk produ??ction, and a serious sho(′Д` )rtage of long-term energy may also lead to a decline in reproductive function。
Ruminants also need sulfur, cobalt, an( ?° ?? ?°)d molybdenum。 Dietary calcium and phosphorus, too much interference magnesium, manganese and zinc and other elements of the absorption and utilization, for layin(′?ω?`)g?? hens, calcium(′▽?zhuān)? and non phytate phosphorus (P) ratio of abo??ut 2:1 more appropriate,?? but layin??g the calciu??m requ??irement of high calcium, and nonphytate phosphorus ratヾ(′ω｀)?io should rea( ?° ?? ?°)ch 12:1。 The ratio of calcium and phosphorus in pigs fed corn and soybean meal was 1~1。5:1。Vitamin A, D and E are needed in ruminant diets。
Rumen microorganisms can synthesize vitamins K and B vitamins, so it is generally not lacking in these animals except for young ruminant an(′ω｀)imals。 If there?? is a considerable amount of hig??h quality forage diets(′?_?`) of ruminant animal, generally do not lack of vitamin A, D, E, because of high quality forage conヽ(′▽?zhuān)?ノtain vitamin A precursors, beta carot??ene and vitamin E, vitamin D hay, if fed silage or lack of sunlight, you need to add grease soluble vitamin。Pig and chicken in vivo synthesis of vitamin C, can meet the needs of the general, only in the stress conditions of vitamin C, vitamin A, D, E, K, B, riboflavin,(O_O) niaci??n, pantothenic acid, choline, vitamin B6, biotin??, folic acid, vitamin B12 sh(′▽?zhuān)?ould be adde┐(′д｀)┌d。
2, fe(???)eding standards and their comparison: with the NRC standard on chick??en, pig, cattle feeding standards, di??vision sta??ges, requirements and evaluation indicators of the three aspects of a systematic comparison。***[JimiSoft(′?_?`):, Unregistered, Software, Convert, Part, Of, File, Read, Help, To, Kn??ow, ONLY, How, To, Register。]
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